Ethnohistory, genetics and simulation are used to propose a new ‘budding model’ to describe the historical processes by which complex irrigation communities may come into existence. We review two alternative theories, Wittfogel’s top-down state-formation theory and common-pool resource management, and suggest that a budding model would better account for existing archaeological and ethnographic...

The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policies of Statistics Netherlands. This paper describes a heuristic approach to find suppression patterns in tables that exhibit a hierarchical structure in at least one of the explanatory variables. The hierarchical structure implies that there exist (many) sub-totals, i.e., that (many) sub-tables can...

Behavioral studies show that subjects respond more slowly to stimuli to which they previously stopped. This response slowing could be explained by "automatic inhibition" (i.e., the reinstantiation of motor suppression when a stimulus retrieves a stop association). Here we tested this using TMS. In Experiment 1, participants were trained to go or no-go to stimuli. Then, in a test phase, we compa...

I propose that perceptual learning of tasks to detect targets among uniform background items involves changing intra-cortical interactions in the primary visual cortex (V1). This is the case for tasks that rely mainly on bottom-up saliency to guide attention to the task relevant locations quickly, and rely less on top-down knowledge of the stimuli or on other strategies. In particular, suppress...

Visual “pop-out” occurs when a unique visual target (e.g. a feature singleton) is present among a set of homogeneous distractors. However, the role of visual awareness in this process remains unclear. Here we show that, even though subjects were not aware of a suppressed pop-out display, their subsequent performance on an orientation discrimination task was significantly better at the pop-out l...

MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM LONG TERM EXPERIMENTS. S. P. Schwenzer, J. C. Bridges, M. A. Miller, L. J. Hicks, U. Ott, J. Filiberto, C. Chavez, H. Smith, A. H. Treiman, S. P. Kelley, J. M. Moore, T. D. Swindle, M. A. Bullock – The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK, [email protected]; Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK; Southwest Research Institute, 6...

Animal biometrics is an important requirement for monitoring and conservation tasks. The classical animal biometrics risk the animals’ integrity, are expensive for numerous animals, and depend on expert criterion. The non-invasive biometrics techniques offer alternatives to manage the aforementioned problems. In this paper we propose an automatic segmentation and identification algorithm based ...

The artificial neural network with one hidden unit and the input nodes connected to the output node is considered. It is proven that the error surface of this network for the patterns of the XOR problem has minimum values with zero error and that all other stationary points of the error surface are saddle points. Also, the volume of the regions in weight space with saddle points is zero, hence ...

Our connectionist model provides a theoretical explanation for the existence of slow and fast emotional Stroop effects, and depicts them as independent but interacting phenomena. We build upon previous modelling work by [1] and [2] among others, and incorporate data that suggest a functional division of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) into Cognitive and Affective Divisions. This work sugges...