Modern pragmatics has been defined as “philosophical” pragmatics, not only because its main representative authors, such as John Austin (1962) and Paul Grice (1989), were philosophers of ordinary language, but also because it has used linguistic and philosophical analysis as the key method to give an explanation of the communicative features of language. If we consider language in general as an...

Muhammad Iqbal’s cultural, literary, and philosophical influence on the Indian subcontinent, especially his impact on the events that led to the birth of the state of Pakistan cannot be denied.  Prior to visiting Europe, Iqbāl had gained profound understanding of Islamic teachings.  While in Europe, he acquired deep knowledge of Western scholarship and was also exposed to Western philosophical ...

Abstract The structure and methods of separating the space in consciously formed objects are a reflection philosophical theories historical processes, specific emanation ocentricism, anthropocentrism anti-centrism. Constructing an architectural object, i.e., for it within it, is determined by types activities, methods, purpose.

This paper concerns the rational reconstruction of physical theories initially advanced by F. P. Ramsey and later elaborated by Rudolf Carnap. The Carnap–Ramsey reconstruction of theoretical knowledge is a natural development of classical empiricist ideas, one that is informed by Russell’s philosophical logic and his theories of propositional understanding and knowledge of matter; as such, it i...

the verse on “the world of primal covenant (‘alam al-zarr)” is among difficult quranic verses whose difficulty can be discovered by consideration of different opinions, which are sometimes opposite to one another, presented by quranic commentators. having accepted the existence of “the world of primal covenant,” mulla sadra has interpreted and expounded that world in accordance with his philoso...