1. introduction thunderstorms or lightning storms are kinds of storms that generally are associated with the convective clouds and usually are resulted in hailing, strong winds, and flash floods. clouds of convective storms are observed in most regions, but a small percentage of the convective storms can produce severe weather conditions and flash floods that cause damages. a flash flood is a d...

Abstract. Meteorological environments favorable for thunderstorms are studied across Europe, including rare thunderstorm conditions from seasons with climatologically few thunderstorms. Using cluster analysis on ERA5 reanalysis data and EUCLID (European Cooperation Lightning Detection) lightning data, two major found: wind-field thunderstorms, characterized by increased wind speeds, high shear,...

The low predictability of warm season convective storms remains one of the outstanding challenges to the safety and efficiency of aviation travel. In particular, two unique aspects of thunderstorms combine to make them perhaps the most significant weather-related challenge confronting the aviation community: 1) the rapidity with which they develop and 2) the extreme hazard they pose to aircraft...

Optical flashes in the lower ionosphere due to the transient heating caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses (EMP) are unambiguously identified with the Fly’s Eye photometric array. Data from a thunderstorm over Mexico recorded at Langmuir Laboratory on August 27 1997 demonstrate that relatively common negative cloud-toground lightning is a previously unrecognized major cause of elves. The s...