We develop a thermodynamic framework that describes a classical system of interest S that is strongly coupled to its thermal environment E. Within this framework, seven key thermodynamic quantities— internal energy, entropy, volume, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, heat, and work—are defined microscopically. These quantities obey thermodynamic relations including both the first and second law, and ...

Originating in the field of biomechanics, Fung’s model quasi-linear viscoelasticity (QLV) is one most popular constitutive theories employed to compute time-dependent relationship between stress and deformation soft solids. It simplest models nonlinear viscoelasticity, based on a time-domain integral formulation. In present study, we consider QLV incorporating single scalar relaxation function....

Background: Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) is used in the assessment of upper extremity motor function in stroke patients. This scale contains 15 items and assesses joint-segment movements and functional tasks. Objectives: Translation and assessment of internal consistency and reliability of the Persian version of WMFT in Iranian stroke patients. Materials and Methods: After translation ...

Twenty-seven statements make up the Technological Caring Instrument (TCI) which was developed to measure technological caring in nursing. In order to establish a database and its reliability and validity, responses were generated from 193 professional nurses who participated in the study. The results indicate that the TCI has a high internal consistency, construct validity, and sufficient split...