Background The dosing of vancomycin and gentamicin relies largely on the weight and renal function of a patient. Due to their narrow therapeutic index, these drugs also require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) during treatment to ensure efficacy, reduce potential for otoand nephrotoxicity, and reduce potential for resistance. Guidelines for the use of vancomycin and gentamicin, as well as a do...

Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing pyrazinamide as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed. Pyrazinamide is BCS Class III, with linear absorption over a wide dosing range. The risk of bioinequivalence is estimated to be low. Depending ...

the health and therapeutic employees are facing with some particular hazards. the existing insurance system has a lot of different shortcomings. determination of the frequency and type of accidents in a hospital was the main objective. all accidents were recorded and the study period was divided in to 3 periods. the victims who reported their accident were classified from personality point of v...

fuller, in 1989, described probiotic microorganisms as “a live microbial feed supplement,which beneficially affects the host animal, by improving its intestinal microbial balance”.saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (s.boulardii) is an accurate probiotic yeast idol.the detection and budding of s.boulardiiis firmly related to the impression of healthinessto promote microorganisms from foodst...

Background – It is well known that for systemically administered drugs, such as corticosteroids, the therapeutic index cannot be improved by increasing their potency, since efficacy and safety are both attributable to circulating drug concentrations, and common receptor interactions. However, the validity of this assumption has not yet been investigated for inhaled corticosteroids, which are us...

BACKGROUND Cytotoxic drugs are non-selective between normal and pathological tissue, and this poses a challenge regarding the strategy for treatment of tumors. To achieve sufficient antitumor activity for colorectal carcinoma, optimization of the therapeutic regimen is of great importance. We investigated the ability of oxaliplatin long-circulating liposomes (PEG-liposomal L-oHP) to provide an ...

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly curable form of childhood cancer, with estimated 5 year survival rates exceeding 98%. However, the establishment of a "standard of care" approach to its management is complicated by the recognition that long-term overall survival declines in part from delayed effects of therapy and that there continue to be subgroups of patients at risk for relapse for which pr...

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2013 and co-published as a series in Critical Care. Other articles in the series can be found online at

The therapeutic index of a histamine-1 (H1)antihistamine is the benefit-to-risk ratio of the medication and defines the range of doses and plasma concentrations over which the drug is effective and safe. In allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, although the efficacy profiles of currently available H1-antihistamines are similar, these agents differ greatly with regard to safety, and this c...

An anti-CD70 antibody conjugated to monomethylauristatin F (MMAF) via a valine-citrulline dipeptide containing linker has been shown previously to have potent antitumor activity in renal cell cancer xenograft studies. Here, we generated a panel of humanized anti-CD70 antibody IgG variants and conjugated them to MMAF to study the effect of isotype (IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4) and Fcgamma receptor bind...