This paper explores a natural decomposition property motivated by Shorrocks (1980, Econometrica 48, 613 625) and Anand (1983, ``Inequality and poverty in Malaysia,'' Oxford University Press) that we call path independent decomposability. Between-group inequality is found by applying the inequality measure to the smoothed distribution, which replaces each income in a subgroup with its representa...

We show that search frictions can be the source of increasing returns to scale (IRS) that brings people together in big cities. We develop a model of an economy with several regions, which differ in scale. Within each region, workers have to search for a job-type that matches their skill. They face a trade-off between match quality and the cost of extended search. This trade-off differs between...

(1) Acromegaly (Benoit, Theil, and Watten, 1963). (2) Paget's disease of bone (Benoit and others, 1963). (3) Hyperthyroidism (Sjoerdsma, Udenfriend, Keiser, and LeRoy, 1965). (4) Marfan's syndrome (Sjoerdsma, Davidson, Udenfriend, and Mitoma, 1958). (5) Hyperparathyroidism (Benoit and others, 1963; Laitinen, Nikkikii, and Kivirikko, 1966). (6) Primary and metastatic bone tumours (Hosley, Taft, ...

Maintaining a software system resembles renovating a house: it usually takes longer and costs more than planned. Similarly to a house owner identifying potential problems before renovation, a software owner should assess maintainability of software before renovating or extending it. To measure maintainability one often applies metrics, associating software artifacts with numbers. Unfortunately,...

Automatic estimation of velocities from GPS coordinate time series is becoming required to cope with the exponentially increasing flood of available data, but problems detectable to the human eye are often overlooked. This motivates us to find an automatic and accurate estimator of trend that is resistant to common problems such as step discontinuities, outliers, seasonality, skewness, and hete...

BACKGROUND Per United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, Nepal is aspiring to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water and provide access to adequate and equitable sanitation for all by 2030. For these goals to be accomplished, it is important to understand the country's geographical heterogeneity and inequality of access to its drinking-water supply and...

Surface settlement is one of the key engineering issues during shield construction process. In order to accurately predict surface settlement, this paper proposes a new machine learning method based on relevance vector (RVM), principal component analysis (PCA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Taking Beijing Metro Line 6 as case study, PCA-PSO-RVM model used make prediction compared with ...