any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

Waiting for a savior and a better future has been known as a true and respectable idea of revealed religions. However, little considerable study has been performed on the real meaning of waiting as a Divine promise in the prophets and their followers` minds and lives. On the studies in the field, the problem of waiting as a continuous reality in the history of prophecy may be searched in the ve...

The holy Quran has a two-way remark about the request of reward of the prophets' mission. Narrated from the prophets and the last of the prophets (p.b.u.h), some of the verses have negated the demanding of the mission wages on the prophets' part and have taken it into account as a specific thing to the lofty God while in some verses such as 53 Furqan, 43 Saba', and 23 Shura, wage and reward is ...