allameh tabatabaei has proposed the last and the shortest formulation of the “seddiqin argument” of which javadi amoli believes it provides no philosophical presuppositions and therefore can be the first question in islamic philosophy. the claim has yielded controversies pro and con. in the papers written on the subject matter, the claim has been criticized in particular and not in general. i t...

since welfare, as a philosophical issue, has considered as an indication of man’s highest intellectual status and dignity, it always attracted the philosopher’s attention and they continuously asked weather: -did all philosophers agree about the same meaning of welfare? -did they agree about its determination and dimensions? -can welfare from the philosophical meaning contain religious or ethic...

1 ARTIFICIAL COMPANIONS Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality. The earliest use of the term ‘ontology’ (or ‘ontologia’) seems to have been in 1606 in the book Ogdoas Scholastica by the German Protestant scholastic Jacob Lorhard. For Lorhard, as for many subsequent...

Zarathushtra, a visionary giant, must be credited as the father of modern philosophical thought and opinions. Through his poetic hymns he transmits the prophetic notions of his Divine Revelation, leaving behind words of profound psycho-social significance, which have triggered off an endless chain of philosophical discussions on the matters of the mind and human conscious senses. The modern mea...

What happens when machines become more intelligent than humans? One view is that this event will be followed by an explosion to ever-greater levels of intelligence, as each generation of machines creates more intelligent machines in turn. This intelligence explosion is now often known as the “singularity”. The basic argument here was set out by the statistician I. J. Good in his 1965 article “S...

the effective and efficient understanding of the past, which is useful for present time, will transform the history into a dynamic science when it becomes an essential concern for historians. history, as a science, is the result of historian’s insights and perceptions; and philosophical hermeneutics with emphasizing on ontology of understanding and especially on importance of interpretation, ha...

Many philosophers have worried about what philosophy is. Often they have looked for answers by considering what it is that philosophers do. Given the diversity of topics and methods found in philosophy, however, we propose a different approach. In this article we consider the philosophical temperament, asking an alternative question: What are philosophers like? Our answer is that one important ...

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