Based on the synergetic approach, the theory of a single avalanche formation is presented for the simplest sandpile model. The stationary values of sand velocity, slope and avalanche intensity are derived as functions of control parameter (externally driven sandpile tilt). The statistical ensemble of avalanche intensities is considered to investigate diffusion in ultrametric space of hierarchic...

Accurate prediction of snow avalanche runout-distances in a deterministic sense remains challenge due to the complexity all physical properties involved. Therefore, many locations including Norway, it has been common practice define runout distance using angle from starting point end zone (α-angle). We use large dataset events Switzerland (N = 18,737) acquired optical satellites calculate α-ang...

BACKGROUND We have developed a new surgical instrument, called the pulsed electron avalanche knife (PEAK; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), for precise, "cold," and tractionless dissection of tissue in liquid media. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the 3-dimensional damage zone induced by the PEAK compared with 2 other standard intraocular surgical instruments, diathermy and retinal scissors. METHOD...

The Dry Valleys region is a hyper-arid, cold polar desert. Modem climate varies systematically with increasing elevation and distance from the coast. We distinguish three microclimate zones on the basis of varying precipitation, wind direction, relative humidity, temperature, and soil-moisture content. Zone 1 represents coastal, Zone 2 intermediate, and Zone 3 far-western areas of the Dry Valle...

In this paper, we have developed a symmetric block cipher by modifying the classical Hill cipher. In this we have made use of iteration process, and introduced a key K0 obtained by permuting the elements of the original key matrix K. This key K0 strengthens the cipher, and it does not allow the cipher to be broken by the known plaintext attack. The avalanche effect and the cryptanalysis clearly...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our previous studies found that deferoxamine reduces intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury in rats. The current study examined whether deferoxamine reduces brain injury in a piglet ICH model. METHODS Pigs received an injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe. Deferoxamine (50 mg/kg, IM) or vehicle was administered 2 hours after ICH and then...

Previous studies have investigated the incidence of traumatic injury in avalanche victims. But the relationship between these injuries and the terrain that produces them remains largely unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of traumatic injury among historical avalanche victims and to evaluate the correlation with terrain features generally regarded to be traps. An analy...

Reported avalanche fatalities in the United States increased markedly through the latter half of the twentieth century, a result of the increasing popularity of winter sports. Despite this increase, the literature concerning US avalanche fatalities is sparse. This paper presents a comparison of three US databases containing avalanche fatality information: Storm Data, the West Wide Avalanche Net...