T helper cell (Th1 and Th2) associated responses were examined following a primary infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus in five inbred strains of mice with different resistance phenotypes. Levels of (i) mast cell protease, (ii) specific IgE, (iii) nitric oxide and (iv) specific IgG2a, as markers of Th2 and Th1 associated responses, respectively, were determined...

Subunit immunogens containing tandemly repeated copies of T and B cell epitopes have been shown to be more immunogenic than the respective immunogen containing only a single copy of the sequence. To investigate whether the increased copies of the Th2-activated peptide sequence will enhance the Th2-like immune response, we compared the cytokine secreted in mice that inoculated with two immunogen...

The protein kinase encoded by the Tpl2 proto-oncogene regulates ERK activation and cytokine gene expression in macrophages in response to LPS and TNF-alpha. In this study we show that OVA-immunized Tpl2(-/-) mice express high levels of IgE and develop more severe bronchoalveolar eosinophilic inflammation than Tpl2(+/+) controls, when challenged with OVA intranasally. Bronchoalveolar exudates an...

BACKGROUND Although in vitro IL-4 directs CD4 T cells to produce T helper 2 (Th2)-cytokines, these cytokines can be induced in vivo in the absence of IL-4-signalling. Thus, mechanism(s), different from the in vitro pathway for Th2-induction, contribute to in vivo Th2-differentiation. The pathway for in vivo IL-4-independent Th2-differentiation has yet to be characterized. FINDINGS Helios (ikz...

Some infectious agents by priming the immune system promote protection against allergy and asthma. During infections, Th1 responses are dominant, while in allergic conditions, Th2 more pronounced. response protects body leads to For maintaining health, balance between is necessary. The COVID-19 infection augments also eosinophilic responses. On other hand, main protocols control pandemic requir...

It is well recognized that the physiological/pathological consequences of an immune response, against a foreign or a self-antigen, are often critically dependent on the class of immunity generated. Here we focus on how antigen interacts with the cells of the immune system to determine whether antigen predominantly generates Th1 or Th2 cells. We refer to this mechanism as the 'decision criterion...

Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMPhi) are found in abundance during chronic Th2 inflammatory responses to metazoan parasites. Important roles for these macrophages are being defined, particularly in the context of Th2-mediated pathology and fibrosis. However, a full understanding of the requirements for alternative activation, particularly at the innate level, is lacking. We present evid...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) on intact skin with an epicutaneous delivery system has already been used in preclinical and clinical studies. In epicutaneous vaccination and immunotherapy, the stripping of skin before application of the allergen is suggested to facilitate the passage of allergen through immune cells. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare ...