the main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between the energy consumption (energy use intensity), economic growth, and co2 emission in iran. to that end, we use time series data of iran during 1967–2004. in order to examine the long-run relationship among these variables, the johanson-juselius cointegration method is used along with vecm. the main finding of this study shows ...

We examine two important aspects of Australia’s terms of trade using 135 years of annual data up to 2003/04. Since Australia predominantly exports commodities and imports manufactures, the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis suggests that there should be a negative trend in the terms of trade. But the trend is no more than −0.1 per cent per annum, less than the trend decline in world commodity prices re...

unemployment-inflation trade-off is known as philips curve. this relationship was first defined for england economy by professor philips since 1958. much development has been submitted by different economic schools about this innovation. in this paper, apart from dealing with the new-keynesians philips curve, the curve mentioned is estimated for iranian economy. in addition, we are going to com...

Financial trade credit theories argue that suppliers have an advantage over other lenders in financing credit-constrained firms. While the reasons for this advantage differ across theories, they are usually related either to product characteristics or to market structure. We exploit this insight to analyze trade credit volume and contract terms. Ceteris paribus, service suppliers offer as much ...

Although dealership government and equity securities have, on the surface, similar market structures, the author demonstrates that some subtle differences exist between them that are likely to significantly affect the way market-makers trade, and as such have an impact on the liquidity that they provide. The author reviews some of the concepts recently introduced in the literature, examining mu...

Article history: Received 12 September 2008 Received in revised form 14 July 2009 Accepted 15 August 2009 Available online 4 September 2009 This paper examines international capital mobility by estimating intertemporal current account models for nine major industrialized countries. To account for the large fluctuations of oil prices (the terms-of-trade) and their effects on the current account,...

after establishment of the world trade organization (wto) in 1995, not only all countries around the world had to receive progressively the wto accession but also those that had higher economic potentials benefited further advantages from their memberships. one goal which has been followed by the wto has relied on economic convergence. it is now a time to ask whether convergence in monetary po...

The Journal of Economic Literature codes classification system (JEL) published by the American Association (AEA) is de facto standard for research literature in economics. JEL used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers EconLit, a database maintained AEA. Over time, it has evolved extended with over 850 subclasses. This paper reviews history development sys...

abstract financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. the timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more conven...

This paper presents a new empirical strategy for estimating the effects of trade policy on domestic factor prices when policy endogeneity is suspected. Absent income effects on factor supplies or domestic prices, the coefficient on the terms of trade can provide an unbiased estimator of the effect of trade barriers on the factor distribution of income for a small economy. In the more general ca...