............................................................................................................ 9 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE...................................................................... 10 1. Cancer genetics and epigenetics.................................................................... 10 1.1 Tumour suppressor genes..........................................................

The goal of this study was to establish Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reference ranges for spinal measurements in normal dogs. Forty dogs (1-10 kg, 11-20 kg, 21-30 kg, > 30 kg; 10 dogs per category) underwent spinal MRI. Measurements were performed on sagittal T2-W images at the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra (T4), the 9th thoracic vertebra (T9) and the 3rd lumbar vertebra (L3). Spinal c...

The present study derives simple formulas for the prediction of optimal insertion length of an esophageal temperature-sensitive probe from the measurements of either standing or sitting height. The formulas assume that the optimal site for an esophageal temperature probe is in the region of the esophagus bounded by the left ventricle and aorta, corresponding to the level of the eighth and ninth...

We report a case of a 66-year-old woman with progressing myelopathy. Her history revealed instrumented fusion from T10 to S1 for degenerative lumbar kyphosis and spinal stenosis. The plain radiographs showed narrowing of the intervertebral disc space with a gas shadow and sclerotic end-plate changes at T9-T10. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a posterolateral mass compressing the spinal cord...

A 30-year-old woman presented with back pain, weakness and numbness in both lower extremities, and difficulty initiating voiding. The patient was diagnosed at age 3 with beta-thalassemia intermedia. Physical examination revealed frontal bossing, a prominent mandible, T 4-level tenderness, decreased strength, light touch, pin prick and temperature in both lower extremities, abdomen and back with...

Primary spinal hydatid cysts are uncommon and extradural involvement is rare. We report an unusual case of Paraplegia due to hydatid disease of primary site of infection extra spinal muscles in thoracic region from T5 to T8 level extending into a daughter cyst at T9 level, is main cause of acute Paraplegia . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an extradural round cystic lesion in the spinal...

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a noninflammatory degenerative disease that affects multiple spine levels and, in combination with osteoporosis, makes vertebrae more prone to fractures, especially in elderly people. We describe a rare case of thoracic fracture in an ankylosed spine in which hemoptysis was the only clinical sign. The patient (age in the early 80s) presented wi...

Lower trapezius muscle injuries have not been previously described in the literature. We present a case of avulsion of the trapezius muscle from the T3-T9 spinous processes with subsequent hematoma formation, seen on magnetic resonance imaging.

A field experiment was conducted during Summer season of 2020 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Chimanbhai Patel College Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, to study the “Effect organic sources on growth, yield attributes and summer clusterbean under farming”. The comprised nine treatments viz. T1: 5.0 t/ha FYM, T2: 1.0 castor cake, T3: 2.5 FYM + 0...

Thoracic cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw fixation can maximize the thread contact with cortical bone, and it is 53.8% higher than that of the traditional pedicle screws. Moreover, it can also enable less tissue dissection and retraction for reduced muscle disruption.Eighty pediatric patients are divided into 4 age groups and their thoracic vertebrae are analyzed on computed tomography (CT)...