The expression of sexual signals is often phenotypically plastic and also evolves rapidly. Few studies have considered the possibility that proximate determination -- the pathway between genes and trait expression -- may also be subject to both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. We examined long-term patterns in size, condition- and age-dependence, repeatability and heritability of ...

The rapid accumulation of genomic data has led to an explosion of studies searching for signals of past selection left within DNA sequences. Yet the majority of theoretical studies investigating the traces of selection have assumed a simple form of selection, without interactions among selectively fixed sites. Fitness interactions-'epistasis'-are commonplace, however, and take on a myriad of fo...

Phenotypic plasticity and its evolution may help evolutionary rescue in a novel and stressful environment, especially if environmental novelty reveals cryptic genetic variation that enables the evolution of increased plasticity. However, the environmental stochasticity ubiquitous in natural systems may alter these predictions, because high plasticity may amplify phenotype-environment mismatches...

Recall that a function u is harmonic (superharmonic, subharmonic) in an open set U ⊂ Rn (n ≥ 1) if u ∈ C2(U) and Δu = 0 (Δu ≤ 0,Δu ≥ 0) on U . Denote by H(U) the space of harmonic functions in U and SH(U) (sH(U)) the subset of C2(U) consisting of superharmonic (subharmonic) functions in U . If A ⊂ Rn is Lebesgue measurable, L1(A) denotes the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on A and |A| d...

It was claimed by variationists that languages experience variation at all levels, which is supposed to be patterned. The present study aimed at exploring how variation occurred in English and Persian wh-questions. More specifically, it investigated whether such a variation was systematic and patterned. To this end, a modified version of the Edinburgh Map Task was used in data collection. The p...

abstract to study the effect of water stress in rapeseed cultivars at the seedling stage, 10 rapeseed cultivars were evaluated at three irrigation levels [normal irrigation (control) and irrigation after depletion of 60 and 85% of available soil water]. analysis of variance showed considerable variation among cultivars. water stress reduced all of the studied morphological characteristics, espe...

abstractthis study investigates ‘repetition’ in the english translation of the arabic novel, adrift on the nile (1993). it aims to explore the communicative functions of ‘repetition’ and to see if these functions have been maintained or lost in the process of translating the novel. in addition, it seeks to find the translation strategies used in rendering ‘repetition’. to achieve this aim, a de...

introdouction: variations in root canal morphology pose a challenge for successful endodontic treatment. the root canal anatomy of the maxillary first molar has been often described as three roots with four canals (two mesiobuccal, one distobuccal, and one palatal). the occurrence of two palatal canals in one palatal root is quite rare. this report represents the case of a maxillary first molar...