Field populations of tobacco budworm. Heliothis virescens (F.). have been monitored annually since 1977 with topical applications of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (primarily permethrin) and methyl parathion to detect changes in insecticide susceptibility. These data showed that LD50's fluctuated somewhat from year to year with permethrin. but with one possible exception. the fluctuations we...

Deltamethrin, first discovered in 1974, is a widely used type II pyrethroid-based synthetic insecticide (1). As a group, pyrethroids are regarded as safer for humans than the other classes of insecticide (2). Deltamethrin is widely used in the agricultural sector, as it has high efficacy against a large number of insects. Its low toxicity to humans has made it one of the insecticides of choice ...

Topical application of 2% neem oil mixed in mustard oil provides 86.1% protection for about 7 hours against the bite of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) under laboratory conditions (Sharma and Dhiman, 1993). One ml of 5% neem oil in acetone applied to cardboard mats when used on electric heating device marketed for use for synthetic pyrethroid mats, have been reported 100% effective as space repe...

New promising insect control efforts are now being evaluated such as biological alternatives or even transgenic insects and Wolbachia based strategies. Although it is increasingly clear that successful approaches must involve integrated actions, chemical insecticides unfortunately still play a central role in pest and vector control (Raghavendra et al., 2011). Development of new safe and effect...

Pesticides widely used in the agricultural market led to an increase quality and yield of crops. However, pesticides are a major concern environment as they also harm non-target creatures, because pesticide resistance, mutagenic carcinogenic effects. In this study, we aimed research potential mutagenicity Karate Zeon which is synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Salmonella typhimurium assay (Ames ...

The residual effectiveness against laboratory-reared female Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes of a synthetic pyrethroid (permethrin) applied to cattle was determined. Twenty-four-hour postexposure mortality and the degree of successful blood engorgement were determined by exposing mosquitoes for 10 min to cattle. Three replicated assays were conducted and mortality determined at 1, 2, 5, 7, ...

Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid , widely used due to its high effective and low mammalian toxicity. Fenvalerate, dose equivalent to LD25 was administered orally for acute exposure and dose equivalent to LD5 for subchronic & chronic exposure to Wistar rats. Toxic effect of Fenvalerate observed in serum Lypase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Cholinesterase...

Synthetic pyrethroids are synthesized derivatives of naturally occurring pyrethrins, which are taken from pyrethrum, the resin extract of dried chrysanthemum flowers. They were introduced to provide a less hazardous and less persistent alternative to organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides. They are among the safest insecticides available on the basis of their low acute toxicity to mamm...

The mechanisms and sites of action of organochlorine (DDT-types and chlorinated alicyclics) and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are presented with discussion of symptoms, physiological effects, and selectivity. The structural requirements for toxicity are assessed, and structure-activity relationships are considered for each subclass. Lipophilicity is important for all the groups because it f...