The highly related transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 are expressed in the developing sympathetic nervous system. In the mouse, Sox11 appears first, whereas Sox4 is prevalent later. Using mouse mutagenesis and overexpression strategies in chicken, we studied the role of both SoxC proteins in this tissue. Neither Sox4 nor Sox11 predominantly functioned by promoting pan-neuronal or noradrenergi...

To define the role of artemin in sympathetic neurone development, we have studied the effect of artemin on the generation, survival and growth of sympathetic neurones in low-density dissociated cultures of mouse cervical and thoracic paravertebral sympathetic ganglia at stages throughout embryonic and postnatal development. Artemin promoted the proliferation of sympathetic neuroblasts and incre...

Sir, In their elegant study, Üçeyler et al. (2013) provide objective evidence of small fibre neuropathy in patients with fibromyalgia. They conclude that fibromyalgia may be a neuropathic pain syndrome (Üçeyler et al., 2013). Small fibre neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nerves resulting in sensory changes and sympathetic dysfunction. For years, we have proposed that fibromyalgia is a ...

Hypertension is associated with enhanced cardiac sympathetic transmission, although the exact mechanisms underlying this are still unknown. We hypothesized that defective function of the norepinephrine uptake transporter (NET) may contribute to the sympathetic phenotype of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, and that this may occur before the development of hypertension itself. The dynamic kine...

Literature pertaining to chemical neurotransmission the macroscopic and fine structure of the sympathetic nervous system, the pharmacology of alph^-adrenoceptors, and of synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia is re­ viewed. Catecholamines by preand postsynaptic mechanisms modulate fast neurotransmission in paravertebral ganglia. Opioids attenuate fast and slow neurotransmission in pre­ ve...

With the advent of transthoracic video-assisted endoscopic electrocautery of the second and the third sympathetic ganglia for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis, it is possible to approach the stellate ganglia with ease. To see whether stimulation of stellate ganglia in humans is similar to the case in dogs, we stimulated the sympathetic ganglia in 18 palmar hyperhidrosis patients with a coa...

This study was aimed, by means of the retrograde tracing technique, at disclosing the distribution of efferent neurones innervating the porcine oviduct. The fluorescent retrograde tracer Fast Blue was injected into the wall of the right oviduct in six juvenile pigs during laparotomy performed under anaesthesia. After a recovery period of 3 weeks the animals were reanaesthetised, perfused with 4...

The ability of immature neurons from chick lumbosacral sympathetic ganglia to proliferate in vitro was used to identify factors that affect neurogenesis. Under serum-free culture conditions, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, or insulin caused an increase in the proportion of cells that incorporated [3H]thymidine. In addition, IGFs also stimulated neurite outgrowth from these immatur...

To clarify the origin of efferent nerves containing renal plexus, the retrograde neuronal tracing was utilized with a new exact closed injection system with microcapsules. The microcapsule was positioned in the rat left renal plexus, and the capsule was filled with fluoro-gold. Retrograde labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral sympathetic trunk, especially T12 and T13, and the ipsilater...

Thoracic splanchnic nerves conduct pain sensation from the abdominal organs around the celiac ganglion. Splanchnicectomy is the procedure used mainly for the control of intractable visceral pain. Forty-six human posterior thoracic walls were dissected. The formation pattern, course, and incidence of communication of the thoracic splanchnic nerves were investigated. The greater splanchnic nerves...