Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the host–pathogen interface in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. leaves infected by the biotrophic downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.:Fr.) Constant. Both conventionally fixed as well as high-pressure frozen samples were examined. Excellent preservation of the host–pathogen interface was obtained in many of our high-pressu...

The Carboniferous microfungus Protoascon missouriensis has been interpreted variously as an ascomycete, chytridiomycete, zygomycete and oomycete. We offer a more complete interpretation based on a re-examination of the type material that suggests the fossil represents an (a)zygosporangium-suspensor complex of a zygomycete comparable to some modern members of the Mucorales.

Biotrophic pathogens, like the powdery mildew fungi, require living plant cells for their growth and reproduction. During infection, a specialized structure called the haustorium is formed by the fungus. The haustorium is surrounded by a plant cell-derived extrahaustorial membrane (EHM). Over the EHM, the fungus obtains nutrients from and secretes effector proteins into the plant cell. In the p...

Vernon, D.M., and Meinke, D.W. (1994). Embryogenic transformation of the suspensor in twin, a polyembryonic mutant of Arabidopsis. Dev. Biol. 165, 566-573. 379-392. Vroemen, C.W., Langeveld, S., Ripper, G., Mayer, U., van Kammen, A., Jürgens, G., and de Vries, S.C. (1 996). Pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo revealed by position-specific lipid transfer protein gene expression. Plant Ce...