Abstract Following major criminal cases in the food system, such as Horsemeat and fipronil egg scandals, phenomenon of fraud has emerged a priority concern for supranational (e.g. European Union) domestic policymakers regulatory authorities. Alongside this, there is increasing interest from academics working both natural social sciences (but rarely together), where we see common overlapping obj...

The ubiquitous nature of modern Information Retrieval and Virtual World give rise to new realities. To what extent are these ‘realities’ real? Which ‘physics’ should be applied to quantitatively describe them? In this essay I dwell on few examples. The first is Adaptive neural networks, which are not networks and not neural, but still provide service similar to classical ANNs in extended fashio...

TODAY, THE UNITED STATES IS ONLY ONE DECADE REmoved from what was then a forecast of difficult meager times for the national investment in medical and scientific research. In 1995, the US House of Representatives budget resolution called for a cut in funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) of 5% for fiscal year (FY) 1996 and a freeze on NIH funding through FY 2000. However, the NIH ...