Over time a single patient can be infected by multiple intraor intersubtype human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) strains. These so-called dual infections are divided into co-infections and superinfections. HIV-1 co-infection is described as a second infection taking place before measurable HIV-1 antibody production by the immune system (seroconversion) and HIV-1 superinfection is defin...

HDV is a defective RNA pathogen requiring the simultaneous presence of HBV to complete its life cycle. Two major specific patterns of infection have been described: the coinfection with HDV and HBV of a susceptible, anti-HBs-negative individual, or the HDV superinfection of a chronic HBV carrier. Coinfection mostly leads to the eradication of both agents, whereas the majority of patients with H...

Previous studies of HIV-infected women with high-risk behavior have indicated that neither neutralizing antibody nor cellular immunity elicited by an initial HIV-1 infection is associated with protection against superinfection with a different HIV-1 strain. Here, we measured antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI) antibody activity in the plasma of 12 superinfected cases and 3...

Epstein-Barr virus obtained by superinfection of Raji cells with Epstein-Barr virus recovered from P3HR1 cells (HRI virus) transformed human lymphocytes, but it did not superinfect Raji cells. A human lymphoblastoid cell line, HLB, established by such transformation contained 22 Epstein-Barr virus genomes per cell and Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen, and a few cells contained earl...

The worldwide coronavirus pandemic has been one of the most significant health crisis threats in recent years. COVID-19 not only cause mortality this pandemic. A dangerous but frequent complication viral infections is secondary superinfection or superimposed bacterial infection. Despite lacking data on prevalence, microbiology, and outcomes co-infection superinfection, limited publications have...

The majority of acute HCV infections progress to chronicity, implying that the immune response is unable to clear virus in most instances. Reinfection with a second strain of HCV after clearance of an initial infection has been reported in several recent studies. Moreover, individuals with HCV infection may be at risk of HCV superinfection with a second strain of HCV even after the establishmen...

Dowell, C. E. (The University of Texas, Dallas) and E. D. Rosenblum. Staphylococcal transducing particle. J. Bacteriol. 84:1076-1079. 1962.-When novobiocin-resistant transductants were isolated under conditions that permitted superinfection, almost all the clones were lysogenic for the transducing phage. If superinfection was prevented, then the transductants isolated were nonlysogenic, suggest...

Infection of mice with an attenuated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent (SY-CJD) interferes with superinfection by a more virulent human-derived CJD agent (FU-CJD) and does not require pathological prion protein (PrPres). Using a rapid coculture system, we found that a neural cell line free of immune system cells similarly supported substantial CJD agent interference without PrPres. In addition, S...