This study examines the vertically resolved cloud measurements from the cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization instrument on Aqua satellite from June 2006 through May 2007 to estimate the extent to which the mixed cloud-phase composition can vary according to the ambient temperature, an important concern for the uncertainty in calculating cloud radiative effects. At -20 degrees C, the...

Seedlings of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn (Zea mays), and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown in the greenhouse and then exposed to controlled freezing conditions in a growth chamber. Variables were adjusted to determine the influence of plant water potential, freezing time, and external dew formation on the seedlings' susceptibility to frost injury. Freezing, detected visually an...

Reorientational relaxation in complex liquids is still lacking a unified treatment that is capable of dealing with the relevant stochastic processes without excessive complications. A significant challenge is offered by the study of highly viscous, glassy and supercooled liquids. Rotational relaxation of flexible short chain and small rigid molecules in supercooled organic liquids have been stu...

The heat capacity of supercooled water, measured down to -37°C, shows an anomalous increase as temperature decreases. The thermal diffusivity, i.e., the ratio of the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity per unit volume, shows a decrease. These anomalies may be associated with a hypothesized liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water below the line of homogeneous nucleation. However...

Transport properties of glass forming liquids change markedly around an onset temperature To. For temperatures T above To, these properties depend little with T , while for T < To these properties are super -Arrhenius – varying faster than exponentially in 1/T . Upon lowering temperature significantly further, theory [1] predicts that reversible transport in a supercooled liquid, if it can be o...

We report the single crystal structure and thermal properties of 1,2-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (PEB), revealing that PEB forms a metastable liquid at rt, ca. 35 °C below its melting point. Accelerated nucleation of PEB from its supercooled state was induced with high reproducibility by a shock wave with ca. 15 ns duration and 1.2 GPa peak pressure. By conducting shock wave experiments with vary...

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The temperature dependence of the spectral distributions of the glass, crystalline, and supercooled-liquid phases of glycerol is investigated by means of neutron inelastic scattering. The importance of anharmonic effects is quantified by the temperature dependence of reduced spectral frequency moments. The onset of relaxational ~i.e., stochastic, zero-frequency! motions in the supercooled liqui...