Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) End!.) trees in different canopy strata and crown positions were sampled to develop relationships between sapwood cross-sectional area and projected leaf area. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and covered tree heights ranging from 7.7 to 45.2 m and diameters at breast height ranging from 9.4 to 92.7 cm. Foliage morphology varied ...

In the late 1960s, I began to work on a large and ill-defined cortical zone surrounding the primary visual cortex (V1) and known indifferently as the ‘visual association cortex’. It seemed to me at the time that the work of Hubel and Wiesel had extracted as much juice out of V1 as was then possible, even though many were still working on it. The ‘association’ cortex, by contrast, had attracted ...

‎Small area estimates have received much attention from both private and public sectors due to the growing demand for effective planning of health services‎, ‎apportioning of government funds and policy and decision making‎. ‎Surveys are generally designed to give representative estimates at national or district level‎, ‎but estimates of variables of interest are oft...

This paper presents an area pad layout method to e ciently reduce the space required for interconnection pads and pad drivers. Unlike peripheral pads, area pads use only the top metal layer and therefore allow active circuitry to be laid out underneath. With identical functional elements grouped together, a group of pad drivers share the same well and can be placed tightly together. The use of ...

Shadow mapping has been a popular way of generating shadows in real-time applications, but it is still incapable of generating realistic real time soft shadows for area light. There is an algorithm for generating soft shadows for linear light with few samples, but the algorithm is not suitable for area light. In this article, the author presents a modified method to the shadow mapping algorithm...

Wireless communication systems will be one of the biggest drivers of semiconductor products over the next decade. This paper provides an overview of current developments in this explosive market, looks at future product requirements and relates those needs with technology projections. Three key technologies are discussed: basic semiconductor processes, digital signal processing, and RF systems ...

Means of communication have achieved tremendous growth in the last two decades and the anywhereanytime concept is becoming a reality as the ease of deployment and the decreasing cost of usage allow a large fraction of the world’s population to use WiFi, cell phones and communication satellites. However, the map of the information world is highly polarized: only 5% of the African population uses...

A classical continuum theory corresponding to Barrett and Crane’s model of Euclidean quantum gravity is presented. The fields in this classical theory are those of SO(4) BF theory, a simple topological theory of an so(4) valued 2-form field, B μν , and an so(4) connection. The left handed (self-dual) and right handed (anti-self-dual) components of B define a left handed and a, generally distinc...