Recently, interest in using bioethanol as an alternative to petroleum fuel has been escalating due to decrease in the availability of crude oil. The application of bioethanol in the motor-fuel industry can contribute to reduction in the use of fossil fuels and in turn to decreased carbon emissions and stress of the rapid decline in crude oil availability. Bioethanol production methods are numer...

From 1990 to 2013, there was an 81% increase in deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with more women dying from CVD than men.1 Obesity, hypertension, dysglycemia and dyslipidaemia are individual as well as inter-related risk factors for CVD. When these risk factors are clustered together, they are known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS).2 MetS has clinical utilit...

Energy communities have received considerable attention in the Global North, especially Europe, due to their potential for achieving sustainable energy transitions. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), less partly nascent systems many emerging SSA states. this paper, we argue that these offer an opportunity co-create can tackle access challenges faced by most countries. To understand how such are reali...

AFRICA 469 letter to the Editor a systematic overview of prospective cohort studies of cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan africa: reply to Bovet et al., and Gao et al. dear Sir Two groups of investigators have recently provided evidence supporting the need for elaborated longitudinal studies to inform successful health service and policy solutions to the growing problem of chronic and cardio...

BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which is rising significantly across sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and posing a threat to the social, economic, and cultural fabric of the SSA population. The inclusion of NCDs into the post-2015 development agenda along with the global monitoring framework provides an opportunity to monitor progress of development program...

BACKGROUND Sub Saharan Africa is confronted with a wide range of interlinked health and economic problems that include high levels of mortality and poor service delivery. The objective of the paper is to develop a spatial model for Sub-Saharan Africa that can quantify the mortality impact of (poor) service delivery at sub-district level in order to integrate related health and local level polic...

BACKGROUND To describe the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS by geographical origin in the EU, 1999-2006. METHODS AIDS and HIV cases from the EU 27, Norway and Iceland reported to European Centre for Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS were analysed. RESULTS Of 75,021 AIDS reports over 1999-2006, 35% were migrants. Of 2988 heterosexual AIDS reports in 2006, 50% were migrants, largely from Sub-Sah...

BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the 2nd leading cause of years of life lost worldwide and is a common cause of adult admissions to hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. Risk factors for adult pneumonia are well characterised in developed countries, but are less well described in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV is a major contributing factor. Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution is high, and tobacco smok...

Objectives Children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are burdened by significant unmet mental health needs, but this region has limited access to mental health services to address these needs. Despite the success of numerous interventions for promoting child mental health, most evidencebased programs (EBPs) are not available in SSA. This study utilizes a task-shifting strategy and trains teachers as...

Distributed irrigation systems are those in which the water access (via pump or human power), distribution (via furrow, watering can, sprinkler, drip lines, etc.), and use all occur at or near the same location. Distributed systems are typically privately owned and managed by individuals or groups, in contrast to centralized irrigation systems, which tend to be publicly operated and involve lar...