Marginal structural models (MSMs) are being used more frequently to obtain causal effect estimates in observational studies. Although the principal estimator of MSM coefficients has been the inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW) estimator, there are few published examples that illustrate how to apply IPTW or discuss the impact of model selection on effect estimates. The authors applied...

1. Following the development of the relatively successful niche model, several other simple structural food web models have been proposed. These models predict the detailed structure of complex food webs given only two input parameters, the numbers of species and the number of feeding links among them. 2. The models claim different degrees of success but have not been compared consistently with...

A new series of MMn(II-III)(4) clusters (M = Na, Ca) has been structurally characterised and their relevance to understanding the oxygen evolving centre of photosystem II is discussed.

In this paper I estimate theory-based structural models of two-sided markets with competing platforms. Given platforms’attributes and (two) prices, agents of each side decide which platforms to join. Platforms set prices to maximize the sum of profits that they earn from the two sides. There are two demand equations to be estimated, and both should be used in estimating platform markup due to c...

An approach to the de novo structure prediction of proteins is described that relies on surface accessibility data from NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancements by a soluble paramagnetic compound (sPRE). This method exploits the distance-to-surface information encoded in the sPRE data in the chemical shift-based CS-Rosetta de novo structure prediction framework to generate reliable structural m...

OBJECTIVE To test structural models of parental involvement in type 1 diabetes and to examine associations of parental involvement with adherence and metabolic control. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-two young adolescents (10-14 years) completed reports of adherence and parents' involvement: acceptance, independence encouragement, communication, general and diabetes-specific monitoring, freque...

In this paper we review an approach to estimating the causal effect of a timevarying treatment on time to some event of interest. This approach is designed for the situation where the treatment may have been repeatedly adapted to patient characteristics, which themselves may also be time-dependent. In this situation the effect of the treatment cannot simply be estimated by conditioning on the p...

F ollowing seminal work by Sims (1980a, 1980b), the economics profession has become increasingly concerned with studying sources of economic fluctuations. Sims’s use of vector autoregressions (VARs) made it possible to address both the relative importance and the dynamic effect of various shocks on macroeconomic variables. This type of empirical analysis has had at least two important consequen...

In the application of marginal structural models to compare time-varying treatments, it is rare that the hierarchical structure of a data set is accounted for or that the impact of unmeasured confounding on estimates is assessed. These issues often arise when analyzing data sets drawn from clinical registries, where patients may be clustered within health-care providers, and the amount of data ...

he purpose of this paper is to present a simple framework for analyzing the monetary transmission mechanism: the process through which monetary policy decisions are transmitted into changes in real GDP and inflation. There are, of course, many different views of the monetary transmission mechanism. These views differ in the emphasis they place on money, credit, interest rates, exchange rates, a...