Predator odors elicit fear and defensive behavioral responses in rats, but a wide range of individual responsivity exists. The aim of this study was to examine whether individual differences in behavioral responsivity correlate with differences in amino acid neurotransmission to a predator fox odor, 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT). We investigated the time course of behaviorally evo...

Schizophrenia has long been associated with abnormal patterns of arousal that are thought to reflect disturbances in the reticular-activating system of the brain. Psychophysiological investigations of sensory responsivity have repeatedly demonstrated reduced reactivity and habituation to moderately intense stimuli in patients with schizophrenia. While not traditionally used as a measure of phys...

Premenstrual disorder (PMDD) affects around 5% of women in childbearing ages. An increased sensitivity in emotion processing areas of the brain to variations in ovarian steroid levels has been suggested as part of the pathophysiology in PMDD, but prior neuroimaging studies of emotion processing are yet inconclusive. Previous behavioral studies of women with PMDD have, however, reported enhanced...

Previous studies have investigated mechanisms of the perception of the five basic tastes at the peripheral and neural levels. However, little is known regarding the specific mechanisms and brain activity associated with the perception of astringency. In the present study, we aimed to clarify these mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with taste stimuli, a...

The use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today’s instruments is the work of the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright (1928-29) and Guild (1931), some suggesting that the 1931 color matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual systems’ cone res...

Coleoid behavioral ecology is highly visual and requires an eye capable of forming images in a variety of photic conditions. A variable pupil aperture is one feature that contributes to this visual flexibility in most coleoids, although pupil responses have yet to be quantitatively documented for squid. The pupil light reflex (PLR) of the Atlantic brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis, was analyzed ...

OBJECTIVE Previous psychophysiological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have found heightened physiological responsivity to trauma-specific stimuli, but mostly in combat veterans with high comorbidity rates and with psychiatric medication. Our aim was to investigate psychophysiological responses in two new populations while excluding those confounding influences and to assess the...

Nearby cortical neurons often have correlated trial-to-trial response variability, and a significant fraction of their spikes occur synchronously. These two forms of correlation are both believed to arise from common synaptic input, but the origin of this input is unclear. We investigated the source of correlated responsivity by recording from pairs of single neurons in primary visual cortex of...

A near-IR radiometer standard with similar performance to silicon trap detectors has been developed to calibrate detectors and radiometers for absolute spectral power, irradiance and radiance responsivities between 950 nm and 1650 nm. The new radiometer standard is utilized at the Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) which is the reference ca...

A near-IR radiometer standard with similar performance to silicon trap-detectors has been developed to calibrate detectors and radiometers for absolute spectral power, irradiance, and radiance responsivities between 950 nm and 1650 nm. The new radiometer standard is utilized at the Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) which is the reference c...