Chronic alcohol abuse affects brain structure and function. We examined subcortical structure volumes in 77 short (6-15 week) and 90 long (multi-year) term abstinent alcoholics, along with 74 controls. We used a 3T Siemens MPRAGE sequence for image acquisition and FSL FIRST software for measuring subcortical volumes. When examining alcoholics without a comorbid stimulant disorder we found reduc...

Illicit use of stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, and cocaine is a current and growing problem throughout the world. The aim of the current study was to investigate the long-term effect of illicit stimulant use on human motor cortical and corticospinal circuitry. We hypothesized that individuals with a history of primarily methamphetamine and ecstasy use would exhibit altered cor...

OBJECTIVE Misuse of prescription stimulant medication is a prevalent problem on American college campuses; however, few studies have been conducted beyond the United States. Although Iceland has the highest methylphenidate prescription rates in the world, prevalence of stimulant misuse within the Icelandic college student population remains to be investigated. METHOD We examined the prevalenc...

New research has implicated a potential target in the treatment of stimulant abuse. As with opioid abuse, stimulant abuse consists of a primary group for substance abuse disorders. However, there is no medication for the treatment of stimulant abuse such as amphetamines, substrates for the dopamine transporter, and cocaine, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Stimulants have in common a capacity to ...

Figure 1. Severe bilateral lower extremity wounds that had progressed over months despite aggressive wound care and medical management with immunomodulators and steroids.

While surgical resection remains a mainstay of the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD), postoperative recurrence of disease is common. The ideal management of patients after surgery is unclear and varies widely in clinical practice. Both patients and clinicians must weigh the risks and benefits of treatment in reaching a decision. Those at low risk of postoperative recurrence may not need any the...

Immunomodulators are drugs that either stimulate or suppress the immune system in response to an immunopathological disease cancer. The majority of clinically approved immunomodulators chemically synthesised (e.g., dexamethasone) protein-based monoclonal antibodies), whose uses limited due toxicity issues, poor bioavailability, prohibitive cost. Nature is excellent source novel compounds, as it...

Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) originally consisted primarily of stimulant medications in immediate-release preparations dosed multiple times per day. Data demonstrating the efficacy of these stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD and their role in treating children was well established by the 1970s. Multiple formulations of the st...

The spectrum of infectious diseases has shifted in the past 50 years to include those caused by microbes that cause disease predominantly in immunocompromised individuals. This phenomenon has underscored the dependence of microbial virulence on the immune status of the host. The limited efficacy of the available antimicrobial armamentarium in immunocompromised individuals, combined with increas...

BACKGROUND Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with childhood and adult obesity, and stimulant use with delayed childhood growth, but the independent influences are unclear. No longitudinal studies have examined associations of ADHD diagnosis and stimulant use on BMI trajectories throughout childhood and adolescence. METHODS We used longitudinal elect...