General wisdom tells us that if two quantum states are "macroscopically distinguishable" then their superposition should be hard to observe. We make this intuition precise and general by quantifying the difficulty to observe the quantum nature of a superposition of two states that can be distinguished without microscopic accuracy. First, we quantify the distinguishability of any given pair of q...

Policy-based systems rely on the separation of concerns, by implementing independently a software system and its associated security policy. XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) proposes a conceptual architecture and a policy language to reflect this ideal design of policy-based systems. However, while rights are well-captured by authorizations, duties, also called obligations, are...

This article adopts a human rights approach to observe Japan’s policy on releasing nuclear contaminated water into the Pacific Ocean. It aims provide new discourse for stakeholders push Japan deal with Fukushima’s in responsible way. In doing so, it needs elucidate an important normative question, namely whether State has extraterritorial obligations, given that international law was traditiona...

This article explores the legal challenges related to standing of indirectly injured states before International Court Justice in relation violations obligations erga omnes and partes. After an examination emergence these kinds obligations, addresses evolution approach issue standing, light works Law Commission on state responsibility. Especially after 2012 Belgium v. Senegal case, does not hes...

Obligations are pervasive in modern systems, often linked to access control decisions. We present a very general model of obligations as objects with state, and discuss its interaction with a program’s execution. We describe several analyses that the model enables, both static (for verification) and dynamic (for monitoring). This includes a systematic approach to approximating obligations for e...