We describe the automatic harmonization method used for building the English Silver Standard annotation supplied as a data source for the multilingual CLEF-ER named entity recognition challenge. The use of an automatic Silver Standard is designed to remove the need for a costly and time-consuming expert annotation. The final voting threshold of 3 for the harmonization of 6 different annotations...

Research on Scottish English /r/ mainly focused on the urban centres of Glasgow and Edinburgh, while the phonetic variation of this sound remains largely unknown in other cities. This paper aims at providing new data to characterize Standard Scottish English and one of its prominent feaures by analyzing the variation of both prevocalic and non-prevocalic /r/ in Dundee. Though age and gender hav...

This study readdresses the loss of Negative Concord (NC) in Standard English. A detailed study of negation in Late Middle English and Early Modern English reveals that the loss of NC was a case of a natural change triggered by some internal factors. A close study of n-words in negative contexts and their ultimate replacement with negative polarity items (NPIs) in a number of grammatical environ...

Word alignment gold standards are an important resource for developing and evaluating word alignment methods. In this paper we present a free English–Swedish word alignment gold standard consisting of texts from Europarl with manually verified word alignments. The gold standard contains two sets of word aligned sentences, a test set for the purpose of evaluation and a training set that can be u...

When nurses who are educated internationally immigrate to the United States, they are expected to have English language proficiency in order to function as a competent nurse. The purpose of this research was to provide sufficient information to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) to make a defensible recommended passing standard for English proficiency. This standard was bas...

This paper describes our approach to English-Korean and English-Chinese transliteration task of NEWS 2015. We use different grapheme segmentation approaches on source and target languages to train several transliteration models based on the M2M-aligner and DirecTL+, a string transduction model. Then, we use two reranking techniques based on string similarity and web co-occurrence to select the ...

The Preacher told his son, “of making many books there is no end.” 1 The factualness of this statement is certainly corroborated by the volumes of commentaries and textbooks that fill the average seminary library. No other volume has provoked so much written discussion as the Bible, and this is rightly the case, for the written Word of God is an infinite book in the hands of finite men. It is o...

The study aimed to identify the features of linguistic competence, cultural awareness, thinking capacity and learning ability found in English textbooks used senior high school China. This a qualitative approach content analysis three PEP textbooks. China’s Curriculum Standards (CECS), established by Ministry Education 2017, were Core Competencies (ECCs). Compulsory subjects for this study. The...

Despite the global spread of English, it seems that voices from Persian-speaking teachers concerning English as an international language (EIL) teaching methods and materials are underrepresented. The present study set out to explore how nonnative Persian-speaking English language teachers respond to the increasing global dominance of EIL and native- and non-native-speakers’ language norms with...