In this paper, we construct a general model for pension fund when there are time delays in the valuation process. Actually, use standard structure of basic reserve equation order to rebuild more sophisticated approach based on theory H∞ control. Our evaluates incomplete information from delayed valuations—due oscillatory pattern benefit claims and investment experience past years—within context...

Matching and Challenge Gifts to Charity: Evidence from Laboratory and Natural Field Experiments This study designs a natural field experiment linked to a controlled laboratory experiment to examine the effectiveness of matching gifts and challenge gifts, two popular strategies used to secure a portion of the $200 billion annually given to charities. We find evidence that challenge gifts positiv...

Businesses and green activists seek to influence public attention to the social impacts of a sector—they play salience games. An activist allocates funds between campaigning against a polluting industry and other environmental projects. When public attention is scarce, a greater campaign orientation induces industry to invest more heavily in symbolic action that cloaks damage and reduces the ri...

We explore a function theory connected with the principal series representation of SL(2, R) in contrast to standard complex analysis connected with the discrete series. We construct counterparts for the Cauchy integral formula, the Hardy space, the Cauchy-Riemann equation and the Taylor expansion. ∗Supported by grant 3GP03196 of the FWO-Vlaanderen (Fund of Scientific ResearchFlanders), Scientif...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The key to HIV/STI control is community-wide intervention (CWI) which depends heavily on continuous monitoring and evaluation. Unfortunately, comprehensive CWI assessment methodology and reports are generally lacking. This study developed, applied, and evaluated a rapid tool for assessing CWI in China. METHODS A total of 120 county level respondents in charge of county-w...

Much charitable giving takes place in the context of existing social groups (workplaces, churches, friends and family). We exploit a real-world setting (online fundraising) to provide the first evidence on how the size of the social group affects donations. We show that the number of Facebook friends of individual charity fundraisers has a negative effect on average donation size. This is consi...

We analyze group-voting on binding minimum contributions to environmental projects and assess how such institutions affect subsequent voluntary donations. Mature tourism destinations such as the island of Majorca (Spain) suffer environmental pressures caused by decades of intense tourism development, reducing the environmental quality and tourism appeal of the island. Financed from the local ta...

This paper examines the changing methods, underlying motives, clienteles and controversy surrounding posthumous commemorations of Lord Lister in Britain. The importance of the commemorations for professional identity formation continues throughout the twentieth century, but World War I appears as a turning point. The constituencies commemorating Lister change from broadly international, nationa...

INTRODUCTION Definition The funding of projects by raising many small amounts of money from a large number of people via the Internet through virtual platforms is known as crowdfunding. It is also known as crowd financing, equity crowdfunding or crowd-sourced fundraising. A t p r e s e n t , i t i s b e c o m i n g consolidated as a source to get funds to finance ventures without access to trad...