An experimental study is performed to investigate the fuel impingement on cylinder walls and piston top inside a directinjection spark-ignition engine with optical access to the cylinder. Three different fuels, namely, E85, E50 and gasoline are used in this work. E85 represents a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline by volume. Experiments are performed at different load condition...

BACKGROUND Multiple factors impact subcutaneous insulin injection pain. Injection devices [e.g., syringe or pen needle (PN)] affect pain due to needle length, diameter, needle polishing and lubrication, and needle tip geometry. METHODS We evaluated a modified 5-bevel PN tip in 32 G × 4 mm 31 G × 5 mm and 8 mm PNs vs the equivalent marketed 3-bevel PNs in laboratory penetration force testing, ...

conclusions in japan, 8% lidocaine pump spray contains menthol and ethanol as additives. these additives, particularly menthol, might have led to excessive mucus production, although we did not analyze the mucus secretion. introduction pulmonary collapse after intubation is common, and it is caused by a variety of factors. case presentation a 21-year-old man presented at our operation room to u...

This paper presents an investigation on mechanism of the inclined 1 cone penetration test (CPT) using the numerical discrete element method (DEM). 2 A series of penetration tests with the penetrometer inclined at different angles 3 (i.e., 0°,15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) were numerically performed under µ=0.0 and 4 µ=0.5, where µ is the frictional coefficient between the penetrometer and the soil. 5 T...

This paper presents a discussion of the design features of a precision indentation platform for measuring indents with traceable uncertainties at the nanometer scale. In particular, the goal of the instrument is to simultaneously measure penetration distance of an indenter tip into a surface as a function of the applied load. Components of design that will be discussed include; capacitance gaug...

one of the most valid and efficient models of long rod projectile penetration in homogeneous targets is tate and alekseevskii’s (a&t;) model. based on tate’s model, the present research tries to calculate the optimum speeds to achieve the maximum penetration depth in the homogeneous targets. the proposed collision speed-penetration depth diagrams are developed using tate’s model. in this way, v...

We conducted aerial fixed wing ultra low volume (ULV) spray trials with naled to investigate penetration of exposed and simulated cryptic habitat within opened buildings, partially sealed buildings, and outdoor locations targeting sentinel adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in north central Florida. Mortality was observed in open and closed buildings and outdoors, even in mosquitoes placed in crypt...

Moving in an unstructured environment such as soil requires approaches that are constrained by the physics of this complex medium and can ensure energy efficiency and minimize friction while exploring and searching. Among living organisms, plants are the most efficient at soil exploration, and their roots show remarkable abilities that can be exploited in artificial systems. Energy efficiency a...

We present the tip and friction forces acting on a needle during penetration into a canine prostate, independently measured by a 7-axis load cell newly developed for this purpose. This experimental apparatus clarifies the mechanics of needle penetration, potentially improving the development of surgical simulations. The behavior of both tip and friction forces can be used to determine the mecha...

In this paper, a simple model for the prediction of centrifuge cone penetration tip resistance in sand is presented. The proposed method, which relates the tip resistance to the pressure to expand a spherical cavity, refines and simplifies Greeuw’s original equations. The method assumed the failure mode of a spherical cavity expansion pressure given as a function of shear stiffness, angle of fr...