[1] A model-based investigation of the transport, distribution and deposition of mineral dust in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is performed by using the GFDL Atmospheric Model (AM2). The study represents an attempt to quantify the contribution of the major sources by tagging dust based on its origin. We evaluate the contribution of each source to the emission, distribution, mass burden and depos...

During the late Pleistocene epoch, proxies for Southern Hemisphere climate from the Antarctic ice cores vary nearly in phase with Northern Hemisphere insolation intensity at the precession and obliquity timescales. This coherence has led to the suggestion that Northern Hemisphere insolation controls Antarctic climate. However, it is unclear what physical mechanisms would tie southern climate to...

A global ocean general circulation model (GCM) with idealized geometry (two basins of equal size, Marotzke and Willebrand, 1991) is coupled to an energy balance atmospheric model with nonlinear parameterizations of meridional atmospheric transports of heat and moisture. With the coupled model that prescribes the atmospheric heat and moisture transports, the North Atlantic meridional mass overtu...

Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) radio occultation (RO) observations during a two-week period are assimilated into global analyses using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) system with a recently improved observation operator for assimilating GPS bending angle data. The NCEP 3D-Var system used in this research is suboptimal sin...

Seasonal subsurface heat conduction can have a large influence on Triton’s N, frost distribution. Increasing surface thermal inertia reduces the thickness and extent of seasonal N, frosts. If the thermal inertia of the nonvolatile substrate is greater than about 30% of the value for nonporous Hz0 or CO,, or if nonporous Hz0 or CO, is overlaid by a porous regolith of low thermal inertia but less...

A previous analysis of molecular phylogenies suggested that intraspecific diversification had occurred more recently in temperate-zone Northern Hemisphere reptiles and amphibians than in Southern Hemisphere taxa. Here, we test potential explanations for this pattern. We examined published phylogenetic analyses, derived from genetic sequence data, to generate two estimates of the age of species:...

Climate model results suggest that future climate change in Antarctica will be accompanied by continued strengthening and poleward contraction of the Southern Ocean westerly wind belt. Paleoclimate records suggest past changes in the westerly winds can be abrupt and that healing of the Antarctic ozone hole could lead to poleward contraction of the westerlies and increased meridional atmospheric...