Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea is subject to ammonia volatilization through the activity of the urease enzyme found ubiquitously in soil (Kissel et al., 2008). Nitrate fertilizer is subject to leaching (Randall et al., 2008) or denitrification (Coyne, 2008), depending on the water content of the soil and water movement through the soil. Ammonium forms of N can be fixed (Kissel et al., ...

Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea is subject to ammonia volatilization through the activity of the urease enzyme found ubiquitously in soil (Kissel et al., 2008). Nitrate fertilizer is subject to leaching (Randall et al., 2008) or denitrification (Coyne, 2008), depending on the water content of the soil and water movement through the soil. Ammonium forms of N can be fixed (Kissel et al., ...

We studied controls on nitrification in an undisturbed water-limited ecosystem by inhibiting autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in soils with varying levels of vegetative cover. The activity of nitrifying bacteria was disrupted using nitrapyrin, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, under field conditions in three microenvironments (underneath shrubs, next to grasses and in bare soil). Ammonia-ox...

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) such as anthracene, naphthalene, and phenanthren are the most toxic and carcinogenic pollutants which cause severe damages on soil and water resources. in order to remove these materials, biological methods and using potential of local microorganisms of oil contaminated soils are preferred because of cheapness and availability. existing soil microorganism...

The high diversity of tree species has traditionally been considered an important controller of belowground processes in tropical rainforests. However, soil water availability and resources are also primary regulators of soil bacteria in many ecosystems. Separating the effects of these biotic and abiotic factors in the tropics is challenging because of their high spatial and temporal heterogene...

Survival of pathogens in soil and water.................................... 232 Symbiosis and antibiosis ........................... 235 Antagonistic effects of bacteria..................................... 241 Spore-forming bacteria..................................... 243 Non-spore-forming bacteria..................................... 245 Actinomycetes..................................... 249...

The desiccation of upper soil horizons is a common phenomenon, leading to a decrease in soil microbial activity and mineralization. Recent studies have shown that fungal communities and fungal-based food webs are less sensitive and better adapted to soil desiccation than bacterial-based food webs. One reason for a better fungal adaptation to soil desiccation may be hydraulic redistribution of w...

Natural aquatic and soil samples were screened for the presence of thiocyanate-degrading bacteria. Using thiocyanate supplementation, we established an enrichment culture containing such bacteria from lake water. The dominant bacteria had the scnC-LS5 gene encoding thiocyanate hydrolase, which was closely related to the enzyme found previously in Thiobacillus thioparus THI115 isolated from acti...