Viewing the cAbbasid Revolution and Iranian from a comparative perspective is focus of this study. The was first Islamic revolution, most recent both which occurred in Muslim societies practically began same geographical area. Although more than twelve centuries separate two revolutions, similarities exist between them. Both produced profound results, similar lessons may be culled revolution to...

Some dramatic changes in human society are all too obvious when they happen, as they are accompanied by violence or by social upheaval. Other changes may have effects that are just as revolutionary, but only with time do we realise quite how big a revolution has taken place. If we are to use such changes in a positive way, to benefit our personal development as well as the development of human ...

In Iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during Pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. Historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in Iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. This es...

Does the use of repression undermine authoritarian rulers’ legitimacy? I argue that state repression can make individuals internalize a strategy (trust or distrust) as a heuristic in situations where information acquisition is either costly or imperfect, so repression has a long-lasting negative effect on people’s trust of authoritarian rulers. I test this proposition by studying one of the mos...

The modern world could not exist without hydrocarbons. Virtually everything we touch is either coated with or made up primarily of hydrocarbon products. Organic chemistry originated during the Industrial Revolution, evolving largely due to advances in coal tar technology. In the coking process, bituminous (soft) coal is heated to liberate coal gas. This gas contains volatile hydrocarbons that c...

Abstract Revolution in X-Ray OpticsThe past half-decade has witnessed a technological revolution in our abilityto generate, control , manipulate, focus, and detect x rays. The emergence ofx-ray lasers and synchrotron insertion devices has increased the brightness oflaboratory x-ray sources eight to twelve orders of magnitude. Also, significantadvances have occurred in th...