The spread of smuggling needs to be understood in the context of globalisation and greatly increased migration. Prospects of a better life abroad, poverty, economic marginalisation, political and social unrest and conflict are all incentives to move. Global media and transportation networks make movement easier. As push and pull factors encourage increasing numbers of people to migrate, they in...

In this review, we examine the links between economic development and social conflict. By economic development, we refer broadly to aggregate changes in per capita income and wealth or in the distribution of that wealth. By social conflict, we refer to within-country unrest, ranging from peaceful demonstrations, processions, and strikes to violent riots and civil war. We organize our review by ...

THIS pilot study was carried out in Belfast during the period of civil unrest. A general medical ward with a once-weekly take-in of emergency admissions over a 24 hour period was the place of study. In order that beds become available for new admissions each week the turnover of patients must of necessity be rapid. It appeared to us that some beds became 'blocked' by patients who could not be d...

Civil unrest (protests, strikes, and “occupy” events) is a common occurrence in both democracies and authoritarian regimes. The study of civil unrest is a key topic for political scientists as it helps capture an important mechanism by which citizenry express themselves. In countries where civil unrest is lawful, qualitative analysis has revealed that more than 75% of the protests are planned, ...

Abstract Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented social and political challenges. Mitigation strategies often disrupt daily lives of citizens constrain rights privileges. Policies intended contain disease spread have provoked resentment, resistance, backlash. We examine extent which specific policy responses influence frequency civil unrest. Combining insights from both gr...