introduction: critical thinking disposition indicates individual’s inclination to critical thinking, which is one of the domains of personality. individual characteristics are important and influential factors in the growth and development of students’ critical thinking. one of these influential characteristics might be self-esteem, thus this study was to determine the correlation between criti...

The majority of historians agree that social and political reality significantly influences changes in historical thinking, and thereby the development of historical research. However, when we inquire after the mechanism or mechanisms regulating these influences, controversies appear. Differences in viewpoints result from the fact that the relationship between historiography and social life is ...

The present paper is an essay that aims at contributing to the debate on the social thinking architecture, a theoretical hierarchical model originally proposed by Rouquette that establishes relations between various symbolic formations. Other than addressing the main characteristics of social thinking and the architecture, a broad review of the role of its classical constructs is presented, i.e...

Ideas of reference are considered hallmarks of schizophrenia-related psychopathology. However, the specificity of referential thinking to schizophrenia-related psychopathology has not been examined empirically. Schizotypy reflects the latent liability for schizophrenia and is associated with referential thinking. Referential thinking may occur in other forms of psychopatholoy, such as social an...

Counterfactual statements, describing events that did not occur and their consequents, have been studied in areas including problem-solving, affect management, and behavior regulation. People with more counterfactual thinking tend to perceive life events as more personally meaningful. Nevertheless, counterfactuals have not been studied in computational linguistics. We create a counterfactual tw...

This study analyzes the extent to which an individual’s survival expectations influence his or her decision to claim social security benefits at an early age. We find that subjective survival probabilities capture meaningful behavioral responses to incentives for early Social Security claiming when they are purged of measurement error using risk factors as instruments. Among people who are stil...

In attempting to make sense of other people, perceivers regularly construct and use categorical representations to simplify and streamline the person perception process. Noting the importance of categorical thinking in everyday life, our emphasis in this chapter is on the cognitive dynamics of categorical social perception. In reviewing current research on this topic, three specific issues are ...