Abstract. The purpose of this article is to attempt a conceptual reconstruction Marx’s theory social metabolism. author shows that every living being exists due the exchange substances between itself and nature (the universal metabolism nature). A specific human generic form such praxis is, conscious transformative activity (social metabolism), basic which labor as an man/society nature, mediat...

Background: What are now increasingly called individual based models (IBMs) have been used in ecology since the 1970s when theoretical ecology began in earnest. The best known examples from that time include the forest computer simulation model (named JABOWA) of Daniel Botkin (Botkin et al 1972) and the computer simulation model of Donald DeAngelis (DeAngelis et al 1991) for a freshwater fish c...

Complex social communication is expected to evolve whenever animals engage in many and varied social interactions; that is, sociality should promote communicative complexity. Yet, informal comparisons among phylogenetically independent taxonomic groups seem to cast doubt on the putative role of social factors in the evolution of complex communication. Here, we provide a formal test of the socia...

Resilience is often promoted as a boundary concept to integrate the social and natural dimensions of sustainability. However, it is a troubled dialogue from which social scientists may feel detached. To explain this, we first scrutinize the meanings, attributes, and uses of resilience in ecology and elsewhere to construct a typology of definitions. Second, we analyze core concepts and principle...