The expression of anti-predator adaptations may vary on a spatial scale, favouring traits that are advantageous in a given predation regime. Besides, evolution of different developmental strategies depends to a large extent on the grain of the environment and may result in locally canalized adaptations or, alternatively, the evolution of phenotypic plasticity as different predation regimes may ...

The freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is the most sensitive aquatic organism tested to date for Pb with an estimated EC20 for juvenile snail growth of 3 μg l⁻¹. A previous study supported the hypothesis that this hypersensitivity to Pb was due to an extremely high Ca²⁺ uptake rate needed to support shell formation. The current study sought to build upon this working hypothesis and ...

The golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is an animal that lives in rice fields and one of the agricultural pests often suffers can interfere with growth plants because its very fast development. unused become waste for environment. shell contains a chitin polysaccharide which be reduced to chitosan (β1-4 N-acetyl D-glucosamine) through deacetylation stage, namely process taking acetamide group ...

Lateralization of the brain has traditionally been considered a specialization that is confined to the vertebrates, but recent studies have revealed that a range of invertebrates also have a brain that is structurally asymmetric and/or each side performs a different set of functions. Here, we show that the precopulatory mating behaviour of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is lateralized. We pre...

The shell of viviparid snail extract (SVSE) was prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly hydrolysis method the corrosion inhibition carbon steel (CS) SVSE in 1 M HCl investigated. HPLC FTIR analysis showed that main component mixture various amino acids. results electrochemical surface is hybrid inhibitor with efficiency 95.23%. In addition, adsorption behavior on CS surfaces also inve...

Genetic divergence in geographically isolated populations is a prerequisite for allopatric speciation, one of the most common modes of speciation. In ecologically equivalent populations existing within a small, environmentally homogeneous area, an important role for environmentally neutral divergence is often found or inferred. We studied a species complex of conspicuously shaped Opisthostoma l...

It will be a surprise to many biologists that snails are found in large numbers on the dry, barren surfaces of certain hot deserts. The present study is concerned with one such snail, Sphincterochila boissieri, which occurs in the deserts of the Near East. Live specimens of this snail, withdrawn in the shell and dormant, can be found on the desert surface in mid-summer, fully exposed to sun and...

The land snail Leptaxis caldeirarum (Morelet and Drouet, 1857), a hermaphrodite Hygromiidae species, endemic from São Miguel Island (Azores), is geographically limited to a range of 31 km, occupying an area of about 14 km. A preliminary study confirmed the locally endangered status of the species, raising the possibility that it could reach the “critically in danger” status, the most serious ca...