background the annual risk of tuberculosis (tb) in iran is about 0.5% with annual incidence rate of 23/100000 (16322 cases). different factors have been postulated as tb predisposing factors. several studies have linked smoking with pulmonary tuberculosis as the tb incidence in their adult men was 2.4 times higher than women. in iran, however, this ratio is equal and somewhere the ratio in wome...

conclusions tendency towards smoking is influenced by different factors. clarifying these influential factors for smoking from the perspective of young males can be important in designing effective preventive programs. results two main categories derived from the analysis of the data: i) personal needs and features; and ii) environmental facilitators. the former concept included three subcatego...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa background: the respiratory module at shifa college of medicine (scm) is delivered in third year with emphasis on respiratory pathophysiology and respiratory medicine. smoking as a topic was introduced to emphasize the preventive aspects of respiratory illnesses. an innovative approach to involve students in their learning was developed. to determin...

abstract   background : noise is the most common hazard in the workplace and noise induced hearing loss considered to be the most common occupational disease as well. cigarette smoking, in some studies, has been known to induce hearing loss. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of contemporary exposure to occupational noise and cigarette smoking on hearing.   methods : 478 assem...

objectives: japan has a relatively high prevalence of smoking in men. despite the importance of behavioral patterns on successful smoking cessation, only limited information is available in japan. the present study collected data from former smokers in a rural community in japan in order to identify health status at the time of cessation, predominant motivating factors, and the role of smoking ...

background: cigarette smoking is one of the most important health‑related risk factors in terms of morbidity and mortality. in this study, we introduced a new method for deriving the transitional probabilities of smoking stages from a cross‑sectional study and simulated a long‑term smoking behavior for adolescents. methods: in this study in 2010, a total of 4853 high school students were random...

background: studentship period is a time when most behavioral traits are being created and fixed; this is a special time when students may start smoking. thus in the present research, prevalence of smoking in university students in iran has been evaluated. materials and methods: having extensively explored iranian and international databases (sid, iranmedex, magiran, medlib,irandoc, pubmed, goo...

background: cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   materials and methods: a total...