Abstract Smoking is a severe health problem. has been shown to increase the risk of systemic inflammation. Neutophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) used as marker inflammation and monitors prognosis, morbidity, mortality in many diseases. This study aimed analyze NLR smokers. an observational analytic conducted at Tadulako University, Palu. A total 48 subjects consisted 24 active smokers non-smokers. S...

Background: Smoking can cause thyroid disorders; the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking status and changes in thyroid hormone levels among adult males during a decade long follow-up of in the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS). Methods: Data of 895 adult males (smokers=115, non-smokers=691, ex-smokers=89) participants of the TTS without any previously known thy...

introduction and objective nowadays, one of the vital and essential concepts in the world is the health concept. from the psychology point of view, mental health is including the individual abilities to enjoy of life and find a balance between life activities and effort to achieve of the psychological flexibility. the purpose of this study was the comparison between mental health of smokers and...

background and aim: psychological stress is considered to be an important risk factor for many inflammatory conditions including periodontal disease. a few studies have addressed the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease. so this cross sectional study was aimed to investigate relationship of psychological stress, obesity and periodontal disease in smokers and non smokers. materia...

While vaccination is an aid, at least temporarily, for all emerging infectious diseases, not just COVID-19, fair distribution issue. Vaccine to smokers one such example. The provision of vaccine preference consistent with the maximum life-saving principle and justified on utilitarian grounds. However, following five possible objections can be presented: (1) self-responsibility smoking; (2) supp...