4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion 4.1.1 Humans (a) Nicotine There are well-documented differences in the absorption of nicotine from smoked tobacco and that from smokeless tobacco products. However, once nicotine from smokeless tobacco has been absorbed into the systemic circulation, it is assumed that it is distributed, metabolized and excreted similarly, regardless of the...

The present study was designed to document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns and to examine differential withdrawal responses between smokers and smokeless users. Participants (N = 19) were studied under deprivation and nondeprivation conditions, 1 condition per week. The Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist was administered to assess cognitive and affective changes. Both smokers and smokeless use...

Objective: To quantify and compare respiratory functions further screen the oral mucosa of tobacco non-tobacco users. Material Methods: First control group, users (n=55); Second smokers’ group (n=168) who currently smoked cigarettes; Third smokeless/chewing type, (n=81); Fourth both smokeless smoking type (n=46). Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependences (FTND) Fagerström Dependence-Smokeless To...

Background Globally, over 300 million people consume diverse smokeless tobacco (ST) products. They are addictive, cause cancer, increased cardiovascular mortality risks and poor pregnancy outcomes. Purpose of Review To identify gaps in implementing key ST demand-reduction measures, focused literature reviews were conducted and findings synthesized according to relevant WHO Framework Conventio...

OBJECTIVE To assess whether people who use smokeless tobacco products are at increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. DESIGN Meta-analysis of observational studies from Sweden and the United States. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases and reference lists. DATA EXTRACTION Quantitative estimates of the association between use of smokeless tobacco products and risk of myocardial inf...

Tobacco is a uniquely dangerous consumer product that is addictive and harmful to human health when used as intended. Smokeless tobacco practices are common in some parts of the world, especially in India (Pershagen, 1996). Nicotine exposure is similar in smokeless tobacco users and smokers (Ebbert et al., 2006) often leading to strong physical dependence. As a rule, smokeless tobacco products ...

AIM To determine the predictors of hypertension among nonpregnant females attending a health promotion clinic. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional study was conducted during March to June 2016, at the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, India. METHODS The study included 319 nonpregnant females of age 20-70 years. Demographics such as age, literacy, and income were noted. ...

BACKGROUND Bladder carcinoma is one of the common urological malignancies occurring worldwide in both sexes. Use of smokeless tobacco by women is common in rural areas of Pakistan. The clinico-pathological features of bladder carcinoma in women and association of smokeless tobacco as a possible risk factor for bladder carcinoma has not been well described in the literature. The objective of the...