Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. It is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. The SMN1 gene is recognized as a SMA causing gene while NAIP has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical ...

In this paper the design of a biped robot actuated with Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) springs with minimum degrees of freedom is presented. SMA springs are a class of smart materials that are known for their high power to mass and volume ratios. It was shown that utilizing spring type of SMAs have many advantages as large deformation, smooth motion, silent and clean movement compared to ordinary typ...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder which affect nervous system and is characterized with progressive distal motor neuron weakness. The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein level reduces in patients with SMA. Two different genes code survival motor neuron protein in human genome. Skeletal and intercostal muscles denervation lead to weakness, hypotony, hyporeflexia, respiratory fa...

spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (smn1) in more than 90% of patients. according to the age of onset and severity of the disease, sma is classified into three groups: type i (severe), type ii (intermediate) and type iii (mild). as reported, the smn2 gene, centromeric copy gene, showed ...

BACKGROUND For left-sided pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) is a reasonable surgical approach for tumor-free margin resection and systemic lymph node clearance. In pancreaticoduodenectomy for PDAC, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)-first approach (or the "artery-first approach") has become the standard procedure. With improvements...

Background: Surgical treatment strategy for acute type A aortic dissection (aTAAD) with mesenteric malperfusion (MMP) is quite challenging as it often associated poor patient outcomes, and optimal management strategies remain controversial. Methods: We conducted MEDLINE EMBASE database searches up to December 31, 2021 studies on aTAAD MMP. Data study design, demographics, strategy, mortality, c...

This paper examines the variables inherent in the shape-changing phenomenon and suggests a new method of experimenting with shape memory alloys (SMA) to direct kinesis. This method widens the range of potential interactive applications beyond the traditional “on-off” state. The resulting flexibility permits personalization throughout the course of the transformation, enhancing the use of the ma...

Two general models with hierarchical and almost degenerate neutrino masses, which are able to explain the solar and atmospheric anomalies are investigated. We show how neutrinoless double beta decay experiments discern Dirac and Majorana natures of neutrinos. The strongest result is, that almost degenerate neutrinos with masses above 0.22 eV combined with the SMA MSW must be Dirac particles. In...