Background:The most efficient application of ionizing radiation is serving medical purposes and using this radiation has caused people to learn that artificial sources of radiation exposure among these resources can be of highest exposure rate.  Objective: The present study is aimed at initially establishing a baseline for local-reference dose level in Mazandaran, Iran in 12 projections of the...

Introduction: Digital radiography has a major role in nowadays healthcare system so radiation protection (justification and optimization) is important in this field. Many related organizations to protection suggested to establish national and regional diagnostic reference level for medical procedures. Reference levels are typically set at the 75th percentile of the dose distri...

background: the most efficient application of ionizing radiation is serving medical purposes and using this radiation has caused people to learn that artificial sources of radiation exposure among these resources can be of highest exposure rate.   objective: the present study is aimed at initially establishing a baseline for local-reference dose level in mazandaran, iran in 12 projections of th...

Background and Aim: Due to the increasing number of radiographic tests, TLD dosimeters can be used to measure the effective dose of critical organs in various radiographic tests. In this research, the progression of analogue to digital radiology devices, which facilitates and accelerates the performance of radiographs, especially emergency patients, was investigated, and then the effective dose...

The most common diseases of the guttural pouch are empyema, tympany, mycosis and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. challenge in diagnosis lies complex anatomy adjacent associated structures. Diagnostic imaging is a good complement to endoscopy for some diseases, especially make full assessment lesions involving surrounding This review article describes value each diagnostic technique disease corre...

A 52-year-old Black man with therapy-resistant parkinsonism, gait apraxia and dementia but no endocrine abnormality was found to have extensive intracerebral calcifications which included the basal ganglia. Although most patients with radiological evidence of calcifications in the basal ganglia remain asymptomatic, a small group may present with an extrapyramidal syndrome that is usually progre...

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is characterized by progressive osseous proliferation of the stylohyoid and petrous temporal bones. Generally, diagnosis is confirmed by guttural pouch endoscopy and skull radiography. In the present case, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in a 6-month-old Thoroughbred foal showing signs of head tilt and unilateral e...

For years, equine surgeons have found equine skull radiography to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of dental disease. The excellent contrast between air, bone, soft tissue, and tooth substance make the head an ideal area for radiographic evaluation. Conventional or standard radiographic projections adequately image the reserve crown apices, lamina dura denta, alveolar space, a...

Radiologic procedures used to evaluate patients with suspected glomus tumor have included plain skull radiography, temporal bone tomography, computed tomography, and cerebral angiography. Of these, only angiography has proven reliable as a screening procedure for small glomus tympanicum and jugulare tumors. Digital subtraction angiography was used as the initial examination for suspected paraga...

for approximately 3% of primary malignant bone tumors and for 5% of extranodal lymphoma (1). In the majority of cases, the tumor involves the extremities and less frequently the axial skeleton. Disseminated malignant lymphoma is extremely rare, representing 0.8% of malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma(NHL) (2). Here, we encountered primary NHL of bone involving the skull, spine, both upper and lowe...