Background The use of a medical simulator should enhance the goals of minimally invasive surgery: patient safety, cosmesis, shortening the length of hospital admissions, and reducing cost. Using an innovative approach to the handling of ultrasound images in virtual reality simulation, this article describes a process that employs a hybrid model of deformable models that can be applied in the te...

high efficiency and uniformity of water and fertilizer application are usually, considered as the ultimate goals of an appropriate design and management of irrigation and fertigation systems. the objective followed in this paper was to present a simulation-optimization model for alternate vs. conventional furrow fertigation. two simulation models (surface fertigation and swms-2d models) along w...