People tend to contribute more to a charity when they are asked to. Although this so-called ‘power of asking’ is well-known among fundraisers, the existing literature does not pay much attention to the role of donation requests in charitable giving. This paper uses a unique data set, which was designed to measure giving behavior in the United States, to estimate the causal effects of charitable...

Abstract Stratospheric water vapor (SWV) variations play an important role in influencing the Earth's energy budget. Here, we investigate SWV past 250 million years (Myr) using a fully coupled Earth System Model. It is found that both CO 2 concentration and paleogeography have prominent influences on variations, while solar insolation plays minor role. The increases with surface warming stratos...

background one common challenge to social systems is achieving equity in financial contributions and preventing financial loss. because of the large and unpredictable nature of some costs, achieving this goal in the health system presents important and unique problems. the present study investigated the household financial contributions (hfcs) to the health system.   methods the study investiga...