Two working groups were formed around the problem of creating new " symbols " (new categories, primitives). Our group took on the problem of coming up with a design for a system that would demonstrate the formation of a new symbolic primitive. Several of us in the group, took " symbol " in Howard Pattee's more general sense of discrete, time‐independent sign vehicles for switching behavior, and...

The research on single-electron devices (SEDs) [1] has already spanned a long history. It started with metal or superconductors in the late 80s [2, 3] and then expanded to semiconductors [4-6] in the 90s. Room-temperature operating silicon based devices [7-9] activated the research from the viewpoints of LSI application, and there have been many studies focusing on both device fabrication and c...

A signing avatar is an avatar that can perform sign language for the Deaf. We describe our design and implementation of a stand-alone generic signing avatar, which can be used for signing most sign languages and can be incorporated into other applications with minimal adaptation.

Natural selection is an important factor influencing variation in the human genome, but most genetic studies of natural selection have focused on variants with unknown phenotypic associations. This trend is changing. New studies are rapidly revealing the effects of natural selection on genetic variants of known or likely functional importance.