Like any new product, private label entry increases competition within a category leading to downward pressure on both wholesale and retail prices. But, given the higher margins for private labels and potential bargaining benefits for retailers, they have incentives to help private labels gain market share. The paper addresses two questions: First, do private labels enhance a retailer's bargain...

BACKGROUND Policymakers and researchers frequently compare the prices of medicines between countries. Such comparisons often serve as barometers of how pricing and reimbursement policies are performing. The aim of this study was to examine methodological challenges to comparing generic drug prices. METHODS We calculated all commonly used price indices based on 2013 IMS Health data on sales of...

In his inaugural presidential address to the Population Association of America in 1978, Richard Easterlin challenged the orthodox neoclassical economic model of fertility originally suggested by Becker and subsequently elaborated by Becker and Lewis. While maintaining an economic approach to fertility, Easterlin's model was based upon the notion of material aspirations which changed systematic...

Celem artyku?u jest zbadanie, czy wyniki wyborów politycznych w Polsce (prezydenckich, parlamentarnych i samorz?dowych) maj? wp?yw na notowania akcji Gie?dzie Papierów Warto?ciowych Warszawie (GPW) oraz kurs polskiej z?otówki do dolara ameryka?skiego. W artykule opisano analizy uzyskane dzi?ki zastosowaniu modeli klasy ARCH GARCH. Wp?yw prezydenckich okaza? si? istotny statystycznie poziomie 0,...