The bacteriophage Mu strong gyrase site (SGS) is required for efficient replicative transposition and functions by promoting the synapsis of prophage termini. To look for other sites which could substitute for the SGS in promoting Mu replication, we have replaced the SGS in the middle of the Mu genome with fragments of DNA from various sources. A central fragment from the transposing virus D108...

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic granular aggregations that are induced by cellular stress, including viral infection. SGs have opposing antiviral and proviral roles, which depend on virus species. The exact function of SGs during viral infection is not fully understood. Here, we showed that mumps virus (MuV) induced SGs depending on activation of protein kinase R (PKR). MuV infection stro...

Environmental stresses inducing translation arrest are accompanied by the deposition of translational components into stress granules (SGs) serving as mRNA triage sites. It has recently been reported that, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, formation of SGs occurs as a result of a prolonged glucose starvation. However, these SGs did not contain eIF3, one of hallmarks of mammalian SGs. We have analyze...

In response to environmental stress, the related RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR colocalize with poly(A)(+) RNA at cytoplasmic foci that resemble the stress granules (SGs) that harbor untranslated mRNAs in heat shocked plant cells (Nover et al. 1989; Nover et al. 1983; Scharf et al. 1998). The accumulation of untranslated mRNA at SGs is reversible in cells that recover from a sublethal stre...

INTRODUCTION  In recent decades, airway reconstruction has become the treatment of choice for subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children, which is performed in either single or multiple stages. However, there is evidence in the literature that single-stage surgery is more effective. OBJECTIVE  To evaluate the success rate of single-stage laryngotracheoplasty (LTP) and cricotracheal resection (CTR)...

The feasibility of using an industrial compressible CFD code for large eddy simulations (LES) is evaluated. Dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) models developed at CTR have been implemented into the code and tested in a fully developed turbulent channel flow. In order to evaluate the effects of the SGS model compared with the numerical dissipation inherent in the upwind-biases schemes, computations wit...

In response to stress conditions, many mammalian mRNAs accumulate in stress granules (SGs) together with numerous RNA-binding proteins that control mRNA turnover and translation. However, the signaling cascades that modulate the presence of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in SGs are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the localization of human antigen R (HuR), an mRNA-stabilizing RNA-bin...

Acquired subglottic stenosis (a SGS) continues to pose great challenge to patients and clinicians due to lack of effective treatment strategies. Our understanding in pathophysiology of a SGS has significantly advanced in the past decades; however, much still remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this review is to describe current state of research in acquired subglottic stenosis, and discuss...

Simple Conceptual Graphs (SGs) are used to represent entities and relations between these entities: they can be translated into positive, conjunctive, existential first-order logics, without function symbols. Sound and complete reasonings w.r.t. associated logic formulas are obtained through a kind of graph homomorphism called projection. Conceptual Graphs Rules (or CG rules) are a standard ext...

We study online reinforcement learning in average-reward stochastic games (SGs). An SG models a two-player zero-sum game in a Markov environment, where state transitions and one-step payoffs are determined simultaneously by a learner and an adversary. We propose the UCSG algorithm that achieves a sublinear regret compared to the game value when competing with an arbitrary opponent. This result ...