Genetic exchange occurs via horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and archea or sexual reproduction in fungal and parasitic eukaryotic microbes. Sexual reproduction is universal, or nearly so, in eukaryotes. Until recently, most eukaryotic microbial pathogens were thought to be clonal and asexual due to the absence of a compatible partner or the lack of morphological or population genetic eviden...

Same-sex sexual behavior is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but its adaptive origins remain a prominent puzzle. Here I suggest the possibility that same-sex sexual behavior arises as a consequence of the competition between an evolutionary drive for a wide diversity in traits, which improves the adaptability of a species, and a drive for sexual dichotomization of traits, which promotes opposi...

.............................................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11 Sexual reproduction – if you partake, you’ll have a bad time ............................................... 11 Female promiscuity .......

A survey of spatial and temporal variation in the frequency of electrophoretically defined genotypes in the geometrid moth Alsophila pometaria revealed a high diversity of uncommon or rare asexual genotypes and clinal distributions of two of the more common clones. There was substantial year-to-year variation in genotype frequencies in seven of eleven sites. Progeny tests have revealed that sex...