this article examines the role of security approach in challenging tehran-baku relations by analyzing political and economic factors in their bilateral relations. the article centers on finding an answer to the question that what constitutes the main cause of unfriendly approach in relations between the two states between 1991 and 2009. the main hypothesis of this article is that emphasizing se...

In one of his fi rst papers, Thomas Kuhn ( 1959 ) addressed the “essential tension” implicit in scientifi c research, i.e., the contrast between convergent and divergent thinking. He considered both to be central to the advance of science. Convergent thinking is what scientists do in their daily “normal research projects,” where the “scientist is not an innovator but a solver of puzzles, and th...

Interactive constructivism and its implications for education will be introduced in four steps. (1) The context of the approach and its relation to other constructivist developments will be discussed. (2) I will examine essential pragmatic criteria in the tradition of John Dewey that are relevant for interactive constructivism. (3) More decisively than Dewey interactive constructivism launches ...

The Internet Web Site on Virtual Clinical Applications and Disease Management is a hypermedia, case-based open learning environment that was designed to promote cognitive flexibility in college students at The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy. With a key objective of pharmacy education being patient problem-solving skills, this environment exposes students to a variety of resources on ...

It is so common that it may be considered almost universal among second order cyberneticians, to identify second order cybernetics and radical constructivism, distinguished as opposite sides of the same coin. It is perhaps not so common that radical constructivists make this equation: they seem much more interested in the influence of radical constructivism in other subjects, especially educati...

3. Four selected types of discursive formations 3.1 The discourse of the master 3.2 The discourse of knowledge 3.3 The discourse of lived relationships 3.4 The discourse of the unconscious 4. Some ethical bearings of the interactive-constructivist theory of discourse References 1 Interactive constructivism is a socially and culturally orientated form of constructivism, articulated within the ph...

Current education literature is dominated by discussions of constructivism. This new name for a set of old ideas has major implications for how museums address learning. Constructivism is particularly appropriate as a basis for museum education if we consider the wide age range of museum visitors. How can we accommodate this diverse audience and facilitate their learning from our objects on the...

an the use of teacher led “why” questioning techniques improve student learning of texts in K-12 educational settings? Much of the educational reform movement seeks to deemphasize the centrality of the teacher in leading classroom discussions in favor of more ‘student-centered’ approaches (Bransford, Brown & Cocking, 1999, Hirsch 1996), but research in this line seems both appropriate and neces...