This paper deals with cases of apparent enclisis on past participles in North-Western Italian varieties. It is claimed that these cases do not involve clitic pronouns, but weak pronouns in the sense of Cardinaletti and Starke (1999). Both syntactic and morphophonological evidence is discussed. Some varieties display both proclitics and postverbal weak pronouns and use them in different syntacti...

The phonological feature [±stress] distinguishes between strong pronouns (which are capitalized here and henceforth) and others. The semantic feature [±animate] distinguishes between what I call unstressed pronouns and weak pronouns (cf. Cardinaletti & Starke (1996)). The phonological feature [±reduced] distinguishes between weak pronouns and reduced pronouns; the only reduced pronoun in Standa...

The present study attempts to give a cognitive account of the use of anaphoric lexical reiteration (i.e., same NP repetition, alternative NPs, pronouns, and zero anaphora) in staging the different participants in Chinese texts. It is postulated that the alternation among NP reinteration forms in referent tracking is largely triggered by two major mechanisms: The Accessibility Condition (AC) and...

Research on shallow processing suggests that readers sometimes encode only a superficial representation of a text and fail to make use of all available information. Greene, McKoon, and Ratcliff (1992) extended this work to pronouns, finding evidence that readers sometimes fail to automatically identify referents even when these are unambiguous. In this paper we revisit those findings. In 11 rec...

A Minimalist hypothesis about resumptive pronouns is that they should be no different from ordinary pronouns (McCloskey 2006). The paper substantiates this hypothesis with respect to a particular view of pronouns: pronouns are ‘elsewhere’ elements. Just as the interpretation of ordinary pronouns, on this view, is determined by competition with anaphors, the interpretation of resumptive pronouns...

• Speakers use more redundant references when their interlocutors are learners. Increased found for both child and adult controlling discourse status. According to the communicative efficiency hypothesis, speakers should produce linguistic material comprehension difficulty increases. Here, we investigate a potential source of – listeners’ language proficiency on speakers’ productions, using ref...