with an estimated 170 million infected individuals, hepatitis c virus (hcv) has a major impact on public health. frequency of hcv infection was studied in 785 referred patients to a private laboratory, tehran, iran from april 2003 until march 2006 by pcr method. analyzed results revealed infection rate was 40.27%, 35.51% and 33.09% in the first, second and third year, respectively. frequency ra...

this article describes a clinical case of mandibular second premolar with three separated canals in apical third of the root that are diagnosed and endodontically treated. sound knowledge of root canal anatomy and morphology, tactile examination of canal walls, critical interpretation of radiographs and high magnification examination are essential elements of success in complicated root canal t...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of resumption of second line drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that flared after treatment discontinuation. METHODS RA patients were studied whose RA flared up after discontinuation of second line treatment while being in remission and who received a second course of the drug. Disease activity parameters were prospectively assessed at the time of ...

dental anatomical variations play a significant role in the diagnosis and a successful treatment outcome in endodontics. it is essential for the clinician to have a clear picture and understanding of the pulpal anatomy and its variations. in a mandibular second premolar, it is rare to find extra roots and canals. the aim of the present article is to report a case about the successful diagnosis,...

human mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having an extremely complex root and root canal morphology. the incidence of multiple roots and canals in mandibular second premolars is lower than those in mandibular first premolars. mandibular second premolars with three root canals and separate foramina are very rare. in this case report, endodontic management of a three-rooted mandi...

Spontaneous quadruplet is rarely seen. Quadruplet pregnancy is accompanied with severe complications such as abortion , premature labor , first trimester vaginal bleeding , anemia and …etc . Our patient was a 29- year old lady with history of first pregnancy twin that was aborted. In the second pregnancy at three months of gestation sonography showed quadruplet pregnancy so cerclage was perfo...