Biogenic influences on the composition and characteristics of aerosol were investigated on Bird Island (5400 S, 3803 W) in the South Atlantic during November and December 2010. This remote marine environment is characterised by large seabird and seal colonies. The chemical composition of the submicron particles, measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), was 21 % non-sea-salt sulfate, 2 % ...

The effects of reducing fat levels from 30% to 20% and salt concentrations from 1.5% to 1.0% by partially substituting incorporated phosphate and sea mustard were investigated based on physicochemical properties of reduced-fat / low-NaCl meat emulsion systems. Cooking loss and emulsion stability, hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness for reduced-fat / low-NaCl meat emulsion systems with 20% p...

Landscape-level shifts in plant species distribution and abundance can fundamentally change the ecology of an ecosystem. Such shifts are occurring within mangrove-marsh ecotones, where over the last few decades, relatively mild winters have led to mangrove expansion into areas previously occupied by salt marsh plants. On the Texas (USA) coast of the western Gulf of Mexico, most cases of mangrov...

Giant sea-salt aerosol particles (r_d > 0.5 μm) are primarily important due to their radiative effect and their ability to serve as nuclei for droplet formation. This study focuses on a new instrument, the Giant Nuclei Impactor (GNI). The measurement principle follows Woodcock (1953) with external impaction onto a microscope slide, followed by optical microscope analysis under humidified labora...

What, precisely, is 'salt'? It is a certain white, solid, crystalline, material, also called sodium chloride. Does any of that solid white stuff exist in the sea? — Clearly not. One can make salt from sea water easily enough, but that fact does not establish that salt, as such, is present in brine. (Paper and ink can be made into a novel — but no novel actually exists in a stack of blank paper ...

Aerosols are known to influence significantly the radiative budget of the Earth. Although the direct effect (whereby aerosols scatter and absorb solar and thermal infrared radiation) has a large perturbing influence on the radiation budget, the indirect effect (whereby aerosols modify the microphysical and hence the radiative properties and amounts of clouds) poses a greater challenge to climat...

Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride...